The earliest portrait of St Columba: Cod Sang 555, p 166
Keywords:
Portrait, Reliquary, Monastery
Portrait, Reliquary, Monastery
Location(s):
Abbey of Saint Gall; St. Gallen; Switzerland
Abbey of Saint Gall; St. Gallen; Switzerland
Period(s):
Early medieval
Early medieval
Abstract
The portrait of St Columba was made on the last page of a version of The Life of St Columba by Adomnán. The book, Cod Sang 555, was written at the monastery of St Gallen in the later 9th century and the drawing possibly added shortly afterwards. The image shows Columba both on a mountain and inside a church, both alive with hands raised in prayer and dead, represented by his adjacent reliquary. The shape of the reliquary is matched by an illustration of the Ark of the Covenant, made at St Gallen at about the same time. This reveals the meaning of the picture: as God spoke to his people from the mercy seat on the Ark of the Covenant, Columba speaks directly to his reader and devotees through his relics in the shrine. It is proposed that the smaller container beside the reliquary is a satchel, possibly for containing this book itself. Typological exegesis relating the Old Testament to Columba explains Columba’s mystical appearance simultaneously on the mountain and in a church; and his ability to appear in person after his death. The concept of praesentia accounts for his active role as intercessor for his followers. The picture was composed at a time when illustrated saints’ lives were beginning to develop with detailed narrative sequences. This image stands apart because it does not illustrate events from the accompanying text. The text of Cod Sang 555 had already excised details of Columba’s Irish/ Scottish background on Iona to make it more relevant to a continental audience. Likewise, this image places Columba, through the power of his relics, no longer on Iona but directly before his followers in St Gallen Abbey.
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References
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Alcuin 1887 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae, 4. Epistolae Karolini aevi II. Berlin.
Anderson, A O 1990 Early Sources of Scottish History, 2 vols. Stamford: Paul Watkins.
Appleby, D 1995 ‘Rudolph, Abbot Hrabanus and the ark of the covenant reliquary’, American Benedictine Review 46: 419–43.
Augustine of Hippo 1955 Enchiridion: On Faith, Hope, and Love. Outler, A C (ed. and trans), Dallas. http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/augustine_enchiridion_02_trans.htm #C31. Accessed 1 October 2017.
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Bresslau, H (ed.) 1932 ‘Miracula Sancti Columbani’, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS XXX, 2, 993–1015.
Brown, P 1981 The Cult of Saints: its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bruce-Mitford, R L S 1969 ‘The Art of the Codex Amiatinus. Jarrow Lecture 1967’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 32: 1–25.
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Dewald, E T 1922 ‘The appearance of the horseshoe arch in Western Europe’, American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America, XXVI, no. 3: 316–37.
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Notker Balbulus 1844–65 ‘Martyrologium’, in Migne, J-P (ed.) Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, 131, cols 1025–164; June 9, cols 1101–3 para 1. Paris.
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Quast, D 2012 Das Merowingerzeitliche Reliquienkästchen aus Ennabeueren. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
Reeves, W 1857 The Life of St Columba, Founder of Hy. written by Adamnan. Dublin and Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. https://archive.org/details/lifeofsaintcolum00 adamuoft. Accessed 17 February 2018.
Richter, M 2008 Bobbio in the Early Middle Ages. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
Ross, J 1995 ‘Dynamic Writing and Martyrs’ Bodies in Prudentius’ Peristephanon’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 3(3). Fall: 325–55.
Sharpe, R (intro and trans) 1995 Adomnán of Iona, Life of St Columba. London: Penguin.
Smith, J 2015 ‘Les reliques et leurs étiquettes’, in Andenmatten, B, Ripart, L, Mariaux, P-A & Brero, T (eds) L’abbaye de Saint-Maurice d’Agaune, 515–2015, 221–57. Gollion: Editions Infolio.
Stokes, W (ed.) 1877 Three Middle-Irish Homilies on the Lives of Saints Patrick, Brigit and Columba. Calcutta.
Stokes, W (ed. and trans) 1887 The Tripartite Life of St Patrick, 1–207. London: HMSO.
Stückelberg, E A 1902–8 Geschichte der Reliquien in der Schweiz, 2 vols. Zurich: Schweizerische Gesellschaft fü r Volkskunde.
Tremp, E & Schmuki, K 2003 Geschichte und Hagiographie in Sanktgaller Handschriften: Katalog durch die Austellung in der Stiftsbibliothek St Gallen 2002–3. St Gallen: Verlag am Klosterhof.
Trithemius, J 1690 Annales Hirsaugienses I. St Gallen.
von Euw, A 2008 Die St. Galler Buchkunst vom 8. bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts, Band I: Textband, St Gallen (Monasterium Sancti Galli, Bd. 3). St Gallen: Verlag am Klosterhof.
Wormald, F 1988 ‘Some illustrated manuscripts of the Lives of Saints’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Sept 1952, 35, no. 1: 248–66. Reproduced in Alexander, J J G, Brown, T A & Gibbs, J (eds) Collected Writings II, Studies in English and Continental Art of the later Middle Ages, 43–56. London: Harvey Miller.
Yeoman, P 2016 ‘A house-shaped shrine in a Carolingian setting, as depicted in the oldest image of St Columba in Cod Sang 555’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 146: 153–65. https://doi.org/10.9750/PSAS.146.1215.
MANUSCRIPTS LISTED BY LIBRARY APART FROM COD SANG, WHICH REFERS TO ST GALLEN, STIFTSBIBLIOTHEK. WEB SITES ALL ACCESSED 1 OCTOBER 2017 UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
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Cambridge, Trinity Hall, MS 1, Thomas Elmham Historiae Abbatiae S. Augustini. https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/library/the-enthronement-of-the-archbishop-of-canterbury-and-a-trinity-hall-manuscript/. Accessed 4 June 2018.
Cod Sang 22, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 22: Golden Psalter. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0022.
Cod Sang 23, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 23: Folchart Psalter. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0023.
Cod Sang 111, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 111: Copy of Jerome’s commentary on chapters 14–18 of the Book of Isaiah. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0111.
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Cod Sang 563, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 563: Vitae of ancient Roman and Franconian saints. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0563.
Cod Sang 565, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 565: Lives of the Benedictine Saints. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0565.
Cod Sang 569, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 569: Vitae of early Christian popes and martyrs. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0569.
Cod Sang 577, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 577: «Passionarium novum»: Lives of early Christian, early German and Carolingian Saints. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0577.
Cod Sang 731, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 731: Lex Romana Visigothorum, Lex Salica, Lex Alamannorum. https://www. e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0731.
Cod Sang 855, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 855: Grammatica / De rhetorica / Institutiones II / De natura rerum / Miscellaneous; drawings. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0855.
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Cod Sang 1092, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek: Plan of Saint Gall. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/1092.
Dublin, Trinity College, MS 52, Book of Armagh
London, British Library, Yates Thomson MS 26, Life of St Cuthbert. http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Yates_Thompson_MS_26.
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Trier, Stadtbibliothek, HS171/1626, Gregory leaf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrum_Gregorii.
Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32, Utrecht Psalter. http://psalter.library.uu.nl/page?p=13&res=1&x=0&y=0.
Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, MS C 12 St Gallen Psalter. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/searchresult/list/one/zbz/C0012.
OTHER ONLINE SOURCES
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Liebieghaus 2018 Middle Ages. http://www.liebieghaus.de/en/middle-ages. Accessed 1 October 2017.
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NRSV (Bible Gateway, New Revised Standard Version) 1989. https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-Revised-Standard-Version-NRSV-Bible. Accessed 1 October 2017.
St Gall Plan 2012. http://www.stgallplan.org/en/index_plan.html. Accessed 1 October 2017.
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Winchester Cathedral 2018 ‘Morley Library’.http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/gallery/the-morley-library/. Accessed 1 October 2017.
Alcuin 1887 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae, 4. Epistolae Karolini aevi II. Berlin.
Anderson, A O 1990 Early Sources of Scottish History, 2 vols. Stamford: Paul Watkins.
Appleby, D 1995 ‘Rudolph, Abbot Hrabanus and the ark of the covenant reliquary’, American Benedictine Review 46: 419–43.
Augustine of Hippo 1955 Enchiridion: On Faith, Hope, and Love. Outler, A C (ed. and trans), Dallas. http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/augustine_enchiridion_02_trans.htm #C31. Accessed 1 October 2017.
Bagnoli, E, Klein, H A, Mann, C G & Robinson, J 2011 Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics and Devotion in Medieval Europe. London: British Museum Press.
Bannerman, J 1993 ‘Combara Coluim Cille and the relics of Columba’, Innes Review 44(1): 14–47.
Barton, J (ed.) 1998 The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bresslau, H (ed.) 1932 ‘Miracula Sancti Columbani’, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS XXX, 2, 993–1015.
Brown, P 1981 The Cult of Saints: its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bruce-Mitford, R L S 1969 ‘The Art of the Codex Amiatinus. Jarrow Lecture 1967’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 32: 1–25.
Crook, J 2000 The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints in the Early Christian West c 300–1200. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dewald, E T 1922 ‘The appearance of the horseshoe arch in Western Europe’, American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America, XXVI, no. 3: 316–37.
Dora, C & Schnoor, F (eds) 2018 The Cradle of European Culture: Early medieval Irish book art. St Gallen: Klosterhof.
Farmer, D H 1980 The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Freeman, A & Meyvaert, P 2001 ‘The Meaning of Theodulf‘s Apse Mosaic at Germigny-des-Prés’, Gesta 40(2): 125–39.
Freeman, C 2011 Holy Bones, Holy Dust: how relics shaped the history of medieval Europe. Newhaven: Yale University Press.
Goetz, H W 2002 Leben im Mittelalter, vom 7. bis zum 13. Jahrhundert. Munich: Beck.
Gregory of Nyssa 1844 Encomium on Saint Theodore, Patrologia Graecia. Migne, J-P (ed.). Paris 1844 onwards, 46, 740b.
Gregory of Tours 1885a ‘Liber in gloria confessorum’, in Krusch, B (ed.) Gregorii episcopi Turonensis, Miracula et opera minora. Hanover: Hahn. Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum.
Gregory of Tours 1885b ‘Liber in gloria martyrum’, in Krusch, B (ed.) Gregorii episcopi Turonensis, Miracula et opera minora. Hanover: Hahn. Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum.
Hahn, C 2001 Portrayed on the Heart: narrative effect in pictorial lives of saints from the tenth through the thirteenth century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Joynt, M 1927 The Life of St. Gall. Lampeter: Llanerch Publishers.
Lubke, H (ed.) 1965 Karl der Grosse: Werk und Werkung. Aachen: Council of Europe.
Meehan, B 2005 ‘Book Satchels in Medieval Scotland and Ireland’, in Crone, A & Campbell, E A Crannog of the First Millennium AD, excavations by Jack Scott at Loch Glashan, Argyll, 1960, 85–92. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Miller, M C 2014 Clothing the Clergy: virtue and power in medieval Europe, c 800–1200. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Notker Balbulus 1844–65 ‘Martyrologium’, in Migne, J-P (ed.) Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, 131, cols 1025–164; June 9, cols 1101–3 para 1. Paris.
Odo of Cluny 1844–65 ‘Collationes, ii. 28’, in Migne, J-P (ed.) Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, 133, col 573. Paris.
Picard, J-M 1998 ‘Adomnán’s Vita Columbae and the cult of Colum Cille in Continental Europe’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 98C: 1–23.
Prudentius 1953 Works, 2 vols, Loeb Classical Library, Thomson H J (ed. and trans). London: Heinemann.
Quast, D 2012 Das Merowingerzeitliche Reliquienkästchen aus Ennabeueren. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
Reeves, W 1857 The Life of St Columba, Founder of Hy. written by Adamnan. Dublin and Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. https://archive.org/details/lifeofsaintcolum00 adamuoft. Accessed 17 February 2018.
Richter, M 2008 Bobbio in the Early Middle Ages. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
Ross, J 1995 ‘Dynamic Writing and Martyrs’ Bodies in Prudentius’ Peristephanon’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 3(3). Fall: 325–55.
Sharpe, R (intro and trans) 1995 Adomnán of Iona, Life of St Columba. London: Penguin.
Smith, J 2015 ‘Les reliques et leurs étiquettes’, in Andenmatten, B, Ripart, L, Mariaux, P-A & Brero, T (eds) L’abbaye de Saint-Maurice d’Agaune, 515–2015, 221–57. Gollion: Editions Infolio.
Stokes, W (ed.) 1877 Three Middle-Irish Homilies on the Lives of Saints Patrick, Brigit and Columba. Calcutta.
Stokes, W (ed. and trans) 1887 The Tripartite Life of St Patrick, 1–207. London: HMSO.
Stückelberg, E A 1902–8 Geschichte der Reliquien in der Schweiz, 2 vols. Zurich: Schweizerische Gesellschaft fü r Volkskunde.
Tremp, E & Schmuki, K 2003 Geschichte und Hagiographie in Sanktgaller Handschriften: Katalog durch die Austellung in der Stiftsbibliothek St Gallen 2002–3. St Gallen: Verlag am Klosterhof.
Trithemius, J 1690 Annales Hirsaugienses I. St Gallen.
von Euw, A 2008 Die St. Galler Buchkunst vom 8. bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts, Band I: Textband, St Gallen (Monasterium Sancti Galli, Bd. 3). St Gallen: Verlag am Klosterhof.
Wormald, F 1988 ‘Some illustrated manuscripts of the Lives of Saints’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Sept 1952, 35, no. 1: 248–66. Reproduced in Alexander, J J G, Brown, T A & Gibbs, J (eds) Collected Writings II, Studies in English and Continental Art of the later Middle Ages, 43–56. London: Harvey Miller.
Yeoman, P 2016 ‘A house-shaped shrine in a Carolingian setting, as depicted in the oldest image of St Columba in Cod Sang 555’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 146: 153–65. https://doi.org/10.9750/PSAS.146.1215.
MANUSCRIPTS LISTED BY LIBRARY APART FROM COD SANG, WHICH REFERS TO ST GALLEN, STIFTSBIBLIOTHEK. WEB SITES ALL ACCESSED 1 OCTOBER 2017 UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Cod 264 Prudentius, Carmina. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/bbb/0264.
Cambridge, Trinity Hall, MS 1, Thomas Elmham Historiae Abbatiae S. Augustini. https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/library/the-enthronement-of-the-archbishop-of-canterbury-and-a-trinity-hall-manuscript/. Accessed 4 June 2018.
Cod Sang 22, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 22: Golden Psalter. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0022.
Cod Sang 23, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 23: Folchart Psalter. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0023.
Cod Sang 111, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 111: Copy of Jerome’s commentary on chapters 14–18 of the Book of Isaiah. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0111.
Cod Sang 286, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 286: Hrabanus Maurus De institutione clericorum. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/searchresult/list/one/csg/0286.
Cod Sang 390, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 390: Hartker Antiphonary, Antiphonarium officii. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0390.
Cod Sang 555, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 555: Vita sancti Columbae. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0555.
Cod Sang 563, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 563: Vitae of ancient Roman and Franconian saints. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0563.
Cod Sang 565, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 565: Lives of the Benedictine Saints. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0565.
Cod Sang 569, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 569: Vitae of early Christian popes and martyrs. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0569.
Cod Sang 577, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 577: «Passionarium novum»: Lives of early Christian, early German and Carolingian Saints. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0577.
Cod Sang 731, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 731: Lex Romana Visigothorum, Lex Salica, Lex Alamannorum. https://www. e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0731.
Cod Sang 855, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 855: Grammatica / De rhetorica / Institutiones II / De natura rerum / Miscellaneous; drawings. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0855.
Cod Sang 899, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod Sang 899: Poetry Manuscript. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/0899.
Cod Sang 1092, St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek: Plan of Saint Gall. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/csg/1092.
Dublin, Trinity College, MS 52, Book of Armagh
London, British Library, Yates Thomson MS 26, Life of St Cuthbert. http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Yates_Thompson_MS_26.
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 14000, Evangeliar, Codex Aureus. http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb 00057171/images/index.html?seite=35&fip=193.174.98.30.
Schaffhausen Stadtbibliothek, Gen 1: Adamnanus de Iona, Vita Columbae. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/sbs/ppp1.
Trier, Stadtbibliothek, HS171/1626, Gregory leaf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrum_Gregorii.
Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32, Utrecht Psalter. http://psalter.library.uu.nl/page?p=13&res=1&x=0&y=0.
Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, MS C 12 St Gallen Psalter. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/searchresult/list/one/zbz/C0012.
OTHER ONLINE SOURCES
Duft, J 1969 ‘Hartmut’, in Neue Deutsche Biographie 8 (online version). https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd102475717.html#ndbcontent. Accessed 12 February 2018.
The Fitzwilliam Museum 2000–2018 An Archbishop among his choir. http://webapps.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/explorer/index.php?oid=31579. Accessed 1 October 2017.
Liebieghaus 2018 Middle Ages. http://www.liebieghaus.de/en/middle-ages. Accessed 1 October 2017.
MacLeod, D 2011 The Bayeux Tapestry: Unpicking the Past. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/bayeux_tapestry_gallery_04.shtml. Accessed 23 February 2018.
NRSV (Bible Gateway, New Revised Standard Version) 1989. https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-Revised-Standard-Version-NRSV-Bible. Accessed 1 October 2017.
St Gall Plan 2012. http://www.stgallplan.org/en/index_plan.html. Accessed 1 October 2017.
St Gall Plan 2012 Architecture. http://www.stgallplan.org/StGallDB/architectures/public_english_full/83. Accessed 23 February 2018.
Trinity Chapel glass, Canterbury. http://l450v.alamy.com/450v/d8jkkd/medieval-c13th-stained-glass-in-the-trinity-chapel-of-canterbury-cathedral-d8jkkd.jpg. Accessed 1 October 2017.
Winchester Cathedral 2018 ‘Morley Library’.http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/gallery/the-morley-library/. Accessed 1 October 2017.
Published
21-11-2018
How to Cite
Geddes, J. (2018). The earliest portrait of St Columba: Cod Sang 555, p 166. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 147, 127–145. https://doi.org/10.9750/PSAS.147.1245
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